{"id":58,"date":"2026-05-06T19:59:49","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T19:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/?page_id=58"},"modified":"2026-05-06T20:05:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T20:05:51","slug":"medievalism-communities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/contents\/medievalism-communities\/","title":{"rendered":"Medievalism &#038; Communities"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Supplemental Pages:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/contents\/medievalism-communities\/arts-of-the-contact-zone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arts of the Contact Zone<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/contents\/medievalism-communities\/special-focus-race-racism-medievalism-and-the-middle-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Special Focus\u2014Race, Racism, Medievalism and the Middle Ages<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"intro\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>It has been generally argued that, since the 1960s, there have been a growing number of communities that celebrate\u2014even live (if only for a short time)\u2014medieval lifestyles. However, the Southern American slave owner used the practices of feudalism as an argument to justify slavery and the general way of life in the South, and that attitude continues to exist among some communities in the United States today. However, as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/publicmedievalist.com\/birth-national-disgrace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy S. Kaufman argues<\/a>, \u201calthough the symbols embraced by the far right may seem medieval\u2014from Ku Klux Klan titles like \u201cGrand Dragon\u201d to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/publicmedievalist.com\/leaving-medieval-charlottesville\/\">pseudo-medieval shields<\/a>\u00a0carried by \u201calt-righters\u201d\u2014their version of the Middle Ages is often\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/144320\/racism-medievalism-white-supremacists-charlottesville\">filtered through contemporary medievalism<\/a>\u00a0in film, television, fantasy fiction, and video games.\u201d It\u2019s not all bad. Well, maybe it\u2019s a little bit tacky-good:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2KKRiXcivAQ?si=4AifWoc1x_dAVFey\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<em>Saturday Night Live<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 Medieval Times<\/p>\n<p>To most of us, the Middle Ages of Europe are a foreign world. The space-time contiuum prevents us from fully \u201cknowing\u201d medieval life, and this fact emphasizes the fact of just how little we know each other in any place and time. Consider the movie,\u00a0<em>The 13th Warrior<\/em>\u00a0(1999), which is actually an adaptation of Michael Crichton\u2019s novel,\u00a0<em>Eaters of the Dead<\/em>, which is actually an appropriation of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pottstownschools.org\/Downloads\/Beowulf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Beowulf<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZeGbSOdedqI?si=sH4-o2NrcXnn58Oj\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<em>The 13th Warrior<\/em>\u00a0(1999) | Official Movie Trailer<\/p>\n<p>In the afterword of\u00a0<em>Eaters of the Dead,<\/em>\u00a0Crichton explains that a good friend of his was giving a lecture on the \u201cBores of Literature\u201d that included an argument on why\u00a0<em>Beowulf<\/em>\u00a0was simply uninteresting. Those are fighting words! Crichton argued with his friend until it escalated into a fight and Crichton declared that he would prove to his friend that the story of\u00a0<em>Beowulf<\/em>\u00a0could be interesting if presented in the correct way. I\u2019m not sure he succeeded with his \u201cproof\u201d since Beowulf the character never appears in\u00a0<em>Eaters of the Dead<\/em>. This is why I state that\u00a0<em>Eaters of the Dead<\/em>\u00a0is not as much an adaptation of\u00a0<em>Beowulf<\/em>\u00a0as it is an appropriation.\u00a0 However, it certainly is a nice novel, and the movie adaptation is really good, too.<\/p>\n<p>What does this have to do with medievalism and communities, you might ask? One of the interesting things about Eaters of the Dead is that it blends communities of the Middle Ages\u2014actually, it juxtaposes the beliefs, values, knowledge, and wisdom of one region with another. Both the book and the movie represent a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/honors-colloquium-2\/all-case-studies\/medievalism-human-rights-2\/case-study-contact-zones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact zone<\/a>\u00a0between Arabs and Norsemen (Vikings, Northern Europeans). In so doing, Crichton may have celebrated medieval narratology, but he also furthered misinformation about the Vikings. For example, the novel and the movie emphasize just how unsanitary Vikings were.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GkcsLFSAS30?si=a-4_YKVfSGvtBb6H\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>This is a myth. Indeed, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.natmus.dk\/historical-knowledge\/denmark\/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad\/the-viking-age\/the-people\/appearance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Denmark Museum<\/a>\u00a0argues, \u201cIf we examine \u2018the toilet bags\u2019 of the Vikings we find beautiful patterned combs, ear picks and tweezers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In more recent years, there has developed a scholarly movement toward what has become known as\u00a0<em>global medievalism(s)<\/em>. In their recent collection of scholarly essays, Angela Jane Weisl and Robert Squillace observe that \u201cmedievalism \u2014 the expression or enactment of attitudes toward modernity through an imaginative reconstruction of a premodern past \u2014 both illuminates and is illuminated by the emergent field of Global Studies. I believe, and I am arguing in my book (forthcomign),\u00a0 that this kind of study couldn\u2019t have developed without the development of and study of medievalist Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG).<\/p>\n<p>It all seems to tie by to J. R. R. Tolkien. Indeed,\u00a0<em>The Hobbit<\/em>\u00a0(1937) and\u00a0<em>The Lord of the Rings<\/em>\u00a0trilogy (1954-1955) had a major cultural impact upon American communities (among others). Indeed, even\u00a0<strong>science communities<\/strong>\u00a0were affected, as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pamela Clements and I wrote<\/a>\u00a0several years ago in our book chapter, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neo-Tolkienism: Plays upon Playing with Tolkien\u2019s Playing with Language<\/a>\u201c:<\/p>\n<p>For example, many of the rooms in the computer lab at SAIL \u201cwere given whimsical names that fit into a\u00a0<em>Lord of the Rings<\/em>\u00a0them.\u00a0 Printers at the lab were even programmed with an optional \u201cElvish\u201d font derived from the writing system listed by Tolkien in the appendices to the fantasy series\u201d (Adams, \u201cThe Crowther and Woods \u2018Colossal Cave Adventure\u2019 Game\u201d).\u00a0 Furthermore, Les Earnest recalls that the intense computer work, \u201c. . . created a need for food at all hours of the day and night, accessible with minimal distraction,\u201d and he writes: \u201cAround 1972 we developed SAIL\u2019s response to this need, a computer controlled vending machine which sold on credit. Called the Prancing Pony after an inn in Tolkien\u2019s\u00a0<em>Lord of the Rings<\/em>, it still operates in the Computer Science Department at Stanford, though both hardware and soft-ware have been updated\u201d (Earnest 30). (<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">p. 357<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Pam and I also argued that<\/p>\n<p>to best appreciate concepts of \u201cplaying\u201d and of \u201cgames\u201d in computer game adaptations of Tolkien\u2019s works, one really must understand the origins of the word \u201chacking.\u201d In the 1960s, at MIT, there was student club called the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC), whose members (according to Steven L. Kent) \u201chad their own language. They called broken equipment munged. They called rolling chairs bunkies. They called garbage cruft. And they called practical jokes and impressive feats hacks\u201d (16). In fact, the first interactive computer videogame (Steve \u201cSlug\u201d Russell\u2019s Spacewar) was a gimmick, an impressive joke, a hack\u2014one of many to come. (<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">p. 353<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, there is something very medieval-sci\/fi about video games, each of which \u2014 like all video games \u2014 are built upon a\u00a0<em>matrix<\/em>\u00a0program of some kind.<\/p>\n<p>According to The Oxford English Dictionary, the word matrix derives from the late medieval Latin word meaning \u201cwomb\u201d or an environment for growth and development. To-day, according to The Oxford English Reference Dictionary, one of the meanings of matrix has become \u201ca rectangular array of elements in rows and columns that is treated as a single entity\u201d (a mathematical term) or \u201ca grid-like array of inter-connected circuit elements\u201d (a computer sciences term). So, the little joke that we see is that a video game is a kind of womb into which the primary materials\/code is planted\/programmed to create an illusionary world into which a gamer might escape. Furthermore, it might be interesting to note that Windows-based PC engineers refer to the main board of a CPU as the \u201cmother board\u201d\u2014clearly alluding to this medieval definition of matrix (even if only by coincidence)\u2014while engineers of Apple computers prefer to use a more technical label, referring to their equivalent version as the \u201clogic board.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">p. 355<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>William Crowther was a well-respected computer programmer (graduating with a degree in physics from MIT in 1958)<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/earlybritlit\/lesson-the-lenses-we-look-through-medievalism\/medievalism-communities\/#note1\">\u00b9<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>who served as one of the few representatives of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman\u2014the company the U.S. government contracted in the 1960s to develop and maintain the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANet, the forerunner to the Internet). Once ARPANet was up and running, while creating ever more efficient and effective code to help maintain and improve it, Crowther found himself spending his spare time either exploring caves (especially Mammoth Cave in Kentucky) or playing the paper and dice role-playing game, Dungeons and Dragons.\u00a0 In the early 1970s, missing his children (because of a recent divorce), Crowther decided to create a computer- text game for them; he once explained:\u00a0 \u201cMy idea was that it would be a computer game that would not be intimidating to non-computer people, and that was one of the reasons why I made it so that the player directs the game with natural language input, instead of more standardized commands.\u00a0 My kids thought it was a lot of fun\u201d (Rick Adams).<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/earlybritlit\/lesson-the-lenses-we-look-through-medievalism\/medievalism-communities\/#note2\">\u00b2<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>The game, written in FORTRAN, was inspired by Crowther\u2019s cave explorations and by his role-playing of \u201cWillie the Thief\u201d in Dungeons and Dragons.\u00a0 The program provided a text description of each scene and situation (no graphics, at first) to the player, who then typed in a command for the next move.\u00a0 Through this text-based communication, players explored caves, discovering monsters and treasures.\u00a0 The game program rapidly spread from one mainframe computer to the next.\u00a0 \u201cOften someone would install Adventure in the wee hours of the night\u2014without mentioning it to the computer staff\u2014and move on, resulting in a mysterious yet impressive game program seeming to appear as if by magic\u201d (Adams).\u00a0 (<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pp. 355-6<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>In 1976, Don Woods discovered that someone had left a copy of Crowther\u2019s game on one of the computers at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL, Stanford University), where he worked.\u00a0 With Crowther\u2019s permission, Woods expanded the program by adding a troll, elves, and a volcano that reminds one of Tolkien\u2019s Mount Doom.\u00a0 While Woods, himself, says the game \u201cwas written with no particular vision in mind\u201d (Cordella),<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/earlybritlit\/lesson-the-lenses-we-look-through-medievalism\/medievalism-communities\/#note3\">\u00b3<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>it is clear that he was in an environment laced with Tolkienesque references. (<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1RRlXvylNgs28xqHR1LICjCxRWeBGTa0M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">p. 356<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>It has become equally clear, however, that while Tolkien might have been at least a large inspiration for all sorts of contemporary medievalist communities, including gaming communities (both online and tabletop), such\u00a0<em>community medievalism<\/em>\u00a0has gone way beyond that.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NOTES for the above:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"note1\"><strong>\u00b9<\/strong>\u00a0Yet, he was notorious for attending formal meetings at the Pentagon in sneakers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"note2\"><strong>\u00b2<\/strong>\u00a0The game was also known as\u00a0<em>Colossal Cave<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Colossal Cave Adventure<\/em>; the original date of the game\u2019s creation is uncertain, but it is generally believed to have been developed after 1972 (the year William Crowther\u2019s divorce was finalized) and before 1976 (when the revised version made with Donald Woods was released).\u00a0 To see samples of the various versions of this game, visit Baf\u2019s Guide to the IF Archive (http:\/\/www.wurb.com\/if\/game\/1).<\/p>\n<p id=\"note3\"><strong>\u00b3<\/strong>\u00a0Rick Adams has since removed his observation about the rooms and the printer, but in an email he confirmed, \u201cIt wasn\u2019t incorrect . . . just not really pertinent, as Don Woods has asserted that\u00a0<em>The<\/em>\u00a0<em>Lord of the Rings<\/em>\u00a0really had no influence over his additions to the game\u201d (Rick Adams. \u201cEmail: 7\/16\/08\u201d).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"part2\"><strong>Readily Available Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>See Also:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/earlybritlit\/lesson-the-lenses-we-look-through-medievalism\/medievalism-communities\/arts-of-the-contact-zones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arts of the Contact Zone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/earlybritlit\/lesson-the-lenses-we-look-through-medievalism\/medievalism-communities\/special-focus-race-racism-medievalism-and-the-middle-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Special Focus\u2014Race, Racism, Medievalism and the Middle Ages<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Gender, Sexuality, Medieval Studies, and Medievalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VIDEO:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/0YeWDIB6RoA?si=LTHKIF_dLT2OABPy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Identity and Sexuality in the Medieval World<\/a>\u00a0(Amy Kaufmann and Paul Sturtevant, June 9, 2021)<\/li>\n<li>VIDEO:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IquJgCcLuas?si=q7cUkZBClBzEkYeJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender, Transgender and the Middle Ages<\/a>\u00a0(Alicia Spencer-Hall and Blake Gutt, December 7, 2023)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/ENG34001\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Reynolds22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Men and Women as Represented in Medieval Literature and Society<\/a>\u00a0(Anita Ka O\u2019Pry-Reynolds, 2013)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=QThLAAAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=Medievalism+and+gender+pdf&amp;ots=8H4y1yDSuG&amp;sig=AzoMe8FUdm4La4TJEz1uzV7-RlI#v=onepage&amp;q=Medievalism%20and%20gender%20pdf&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Women, Gender, and Medieval Historians<\/a>\u00a0(by Judith M. Bennett and Ruth<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-553 \" src=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/ENG34001\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Joan-arc-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"215\" height=\"274\" \/>\u00a0Mazo Karras, 2013)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.berghahnjournals.com\/view\/journals\/historical-reflections\/42\/1\/hrrh420101.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender and Status in the Medieval World<\/a>\u00a0(by Katherine Weikert and Elena Woodacre, 2016)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doinghistoryinpublic.org\/2016\/02\/18\/in-their-reckless-lust-they-forget-their-sex-lgbt-history-in-the-middle-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cIn their reckless lust they forget their sex\u201d \u2013 LGBT history in the Middle Ages<\/a>\u00a0(by Tim Wingard, February 18, 2016)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5896685\/queer-monks-medieval-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Overlooked Queer History of Medieval Christianity<\/a>\u00a0(Roland Betancourt, October 7, 2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1751&amp;context=rmmra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Premodern Pedagogies: Queer Medieval Materiality<\/a>\u00a0(by Hilary Rhodes, 2021)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/the-sundial-acmrs\/gender-adaptation-and-the-future-in-david-lowerys-the-green-knight-7b967376c92f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender, Adaptation, and the Future in David Lowery\u2019s\u00a0<em>The Green Knight<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(by Usha Vishnuvajjala, May 3, 2022)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/judedoyle.medium.com\/the-green-knight-is-the-existential-queer-folk-horror-we-need-843be5fbd1d6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Green Knight<\/em>\u00a0is the Existential Queer Folk Horror We Need<\/a>\u00a0(by Jude Ellison S. Doyle, August 9, 2021)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/age-of-awareness\/using-video-games-to-confront-racism-and-sexism-c03b30e519b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using Video Games to Confront Racism and Sexism<\/a>\u00a0(by Shefali O\u2019Hara, October 11, 2021)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/ENG34001\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/3-Robinson.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital One\u2019s Condemnation, Conversion, and Eventual Celebration of Mythical Medieval Northern European Males through Allegorical Commercials<\/a>\u00a0(by Carol L. Robinson, 2024)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Any work(s) listed in<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sourcebooks.fordham.edu\/sbook1v.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Internet Medieval Sourcebook Selected Sources: Sex and Gender<\/a>\u00a0(1996-2024)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Any work(s) listed in<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/publicmedievalist.com\/gsma-toc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender, Sexism, and the Middle Ages<\/a>\u00a0(<em>The Public Medievalist<\/em>, 2018)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ra3OHEp7crY?si=tkx1SRW7ZJz285oh\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><br \/>\nDr. Amy Kaufman on Medievalism and Masculinity<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other Randomly Selected Materials\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/berkleycenter.georgetown.edu\/responses\/the-alt-right-and-medieval-religions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Alt-Right and Medieval Religions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/galacticamedia.com\/index.php\/gmd\/article\/view\/106\/106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inventing nostalgia for the \u201cGolden Age\u201d of the national Middle Ages and fear of the future: Nationalism, memory and phobias of medievalism and futurism in Japanese mass culture.<\/a>\u00a0(Maksym W. Kyrchanoff)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/womenpriests.org\/theology\/barr-the-influence-of-saint-jerome-on-medieval-attitudes-to-women\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Influence of Saint Jerome on Medieval Attitudes to Women<\/a>\u00a0(Jane Barr)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/norse-mythology.org\/vikings-explorers-settlers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Vikings as Explorers and Settlers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/the-vikings-a-memorable-visit-to-america-98090935\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/houndingproductions.org\/floundering-in-florence\/?p=188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imagining Boccaccio as a Psuedo-feminist<\/a>\u00a0(Carol L. Robinson)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/feminism-french-women-history\/witch-trials-witchcraft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French Women and Feminists in History: A Resources Guide\u2014Witch Trials &amp; Witchcraft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stories.uq.edu.au\/art-museum\/2019\/witches-in-history\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Witches in History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/godinamerica-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Experience: The Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Europe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohio.edu\/news\/2024\/07\/costumes-festivals-battles-medieval-club-revives-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The \u00a0Ohio University Medieval Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/renfestival.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio Renaissance Festival<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 Notice that it is called a \u201cRenaissance\u201d festival, not a medieval festival, yet many confuse the two terms and that\u2019s probably because there was much\u00a0<em>medievalism<\/em>\u00a0in England\u2019s Renaissance.<\/li>\n<li>Medievalist Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ddo.com\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dungeons and Dragons Online<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lotro.com\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lord of the Rings Online<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/worldofwarcraft.blizzard.com\/en-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World of Warcraft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/across-the-obelisk-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Across the Obelisk (for PC) Review\">Across the Obelisk (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/baldurs-gate-3-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Baldur's Gate 3 Review\">Baldur\u2019s Gate 3 Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/crisis-core-final-fantasy-vii-reunion\" aria-label=\"Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII Reunion (for PC) Review\">Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII Reunion (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/dark-souls-ii-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Dark Souls II (for PC) Review\">Dark Souls II (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/dark-souls-iii-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Dark Souls III (for PC) Review\">Dark Souls III (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/diablo-iii\" aria-label=\"Diablo III Review\">Diablo III Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/diablo-iv\" aria-label=\"Diablo IV Review\">Diablo IV Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/dragons-dogma-dark-arisen-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Dragon's Dogma: Dark Arisen (for PC) Review\">Dragon\u2019s Dogma: Dark Arisen (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/dragons-dogma-2\" aria-label=\"Dragon's Dogma 2 Review\">Dragon\u2019s Dogma 2 Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/elden-ring-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Elden Ring (for PC) Review\">Elden Ring (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/the-elder-scrolls-v-skyrim-special-edition-for-pc\" aria-label=\"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Special Edition (for PC) Review\">The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Special Edition (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/final-fantasy-vii-remake-intergrade-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade (for PC) Review\">Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/final-fantasy-xx-2-hd-remaster-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Final Fantasy X\/X-2 HD Remaster (for PC) Review\">Final Fantasy X\/X-2 HD Remaster (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/genshin-impact-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Genshin Impact (for PC) Review\">Genshin Impact (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/hades-for-pc\" aria-label=\"Hades (for PC) Review\">Hades (for PC) Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/hogwarts-legacy\" aria-label=\"Hogwarts Legacy Review\">Hogwarts Legacy Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mb-8 inline-block font-semibold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/reviews\/honkai-star-rail\" aria-label=\"Honkai: Star Rail Review\">Honkai: Star Rail Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/picks\/the-best-pc-rpgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MORE Games Reviewed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nordiclarp.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nordic Larp Wiki<\/a>\u00a0Live Action Role-playing Games (LARP)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sca.org\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Society for Creative Anachronism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-557 \" src=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/ENG34001\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/SGGK.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"592\" height=\"528\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"part3\"><strong>Find It in Your University Library<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Historical pageants and the medieval past in twentieth-century England. By: Angela Bartie, et. al.\u00a0<em>The English Historical Review<\/em>. August 2018, Vol. 133, Issue 563, pp. 866-902.\n<div id=\"attachment_558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-558\" src=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/honors-colloquium-2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Screenshot-2025-01-14-at-4.37.39-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"219\" height=\"224\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-558\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not Authentically Medieval<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Medieval cultures and modern crises: Agamben\u2019s troubadours, angels and monks. by Luke Sunderland.\u00a0<em>Angelaki<\/em>. Oct-Dec 2018, Vol. 23, Issue 5-6, pp. 77-93.<\/li>\n<li>\u2018A nuisance to the community\u2019: policing the vagrant woman. By: Julie Kimber.\u00a0<em>Journal of Australian Studies<\/em>. Sep 2010, Vol. 34, Issue 3, pp. 275-293.<\/li>\n<li>Fictional and fictionalised religions as heritage? Reflections on the object of critical heritage studies. By: Mathilde van Dijk.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Heritage Studies<\/em>.\u00a0 July 2023, Vol. 29, Issue 7, pp. 664-677.<\/li>\n<li>What does the Middle Ages teach us for today? By: Dominique Poirel.\u00a0<em>Annals of Cultural Studies\/Roczniki Kulturoznawcz<\/em>e. 2020, Vol. 11, Issue 4, pp. 7-19.<\/li>\n<li>Popular genres and the Australian literary community: The case of fantasy fiction. By: K. Wilkins.\u00a0<em>Journal of Australian Studies<\/em>. 2008, Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 265-278.<\/li>\n<li>Medieval Community: Lessons from the Film\u00a0<em>Black Knight<\/em>. By: K. A. Laity.\u00a0<em>LATCH: A Journal for the Study of the Literary Artifact in Theory, Culture, or History<\/em>. 2008, pp. 147-157.<\/li>\n<li>Editors\u2019 introduction: Chaucer\u2019s global orbits and global communities. By: Candace Barrington and Jonathan Hsy.\u00a0<em>Literature Compass<\/em>. Jun 2018, Vol. 15, Issue 6.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hidden in plain sight: religion and medievalism in the British women\u2019s suffrage movement. By: Carolyn P. Collette.\u00a0<em>Religion &amp; Literature<\/em>. Oct 2012, Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 169-175.<\/li>\n<li>Miraculous images and the sanctification of urban neighborhood in post-medieval Italy. By: Jane Garnett and Gervase Rosser. Journal of Urban History. July 2008, Vol. 32, Issue 5, pp. 729-740.<\/li>\n<li>Gay Internet medievalism: Erotic story archives, the Middle Ages, and contemporary gay identity. By: Steven F. Kruger.\u00a0<em>American Literary History<\/em>. Winter 2010. Vol. 22, Issue 4, pp. 913-944.<\/li>\n<li>Future\/s Medieval: Perspectives from the Anzamems community.<\/li>\n<li>White Nationalist identification with Old English exile: Or, why Old English poems matter. By: Maggie Hawkins.\u00a0<em>Literature Compass.<\/em>\u00a0Dec 2024, Vol. 21, Issue 10-12, pp. 1-8.<\/li>\n<li>Folk and fairy tales as philosophy through fantasy: An interpretation of memory, imagination, and culture. By: Riccardo Magini.\u00a0<em>Sofia Philosophical Review<\/em>. 2023. Vol. 16, Issue 2, p. 92-114.<\/li>\n<li>Neomedievalist feminist dystopia. By: Daniel Lukes.\u00a0<em>Postmedieval: A journal of medieval cultural studies<\/em>. Spring 2014, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 44-56.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-557\" src=\"https:\/\/cyberspacerobinson.org\/honors-colloquium-2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Screenshot-2025-01-14-at-4.35.44-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"391\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-557\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not Authentically Medieval<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supplemental Pages: Arts of the Contact Zone Special Focus\u2014Race, Racism, Medievalism and the Middle Ages Introduction It has been generally argued that, since the 1960s, there have been a growing number of communities that celebrate\u2014even live (if only for a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/contents\/medievalism-communities\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":19,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65,"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58\/revisions\/65"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/unicorn-castle.org\/medievalisms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}